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Word Classes or Parts of Speech

There are different classes of word, sometimes called 'parts of speech'. The word come is a verb, letter is a noun and great is an adjective.
NOTE: Some words belong to more than one word class. For example, test can be a noun or a verb.

He passed the test. (noun)
He had to test the machine. (verb)

There are eight main word classes in English.
Verb: climb, eat, welcome, be
Noun: aircraft, country, lady, hour
Adjective: good, British, cold, quick
Adverb: quickly, always, approximately
Preposition: to, of, at, on
Determiner: the, his, some, forty-five
Pronoun: we, you, them, myself
Conjunction: and, but, so
NOTE There is also a small class of words called 'interjections'. They include oh, ah and mhm.

Verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs are 'vocabulary words'. Learning vocabulary means learning verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Prepositions, determiners, pronouns and conjunctions belong to much smaller classes. These words are sometimes called 'grammatical words'.
Most word classes can be divided into sub-classes. For example:
Verb
Ordinary verb: go, like, think, apply
Auxiliary verb: is, had, can, must

Adverb
Adverb of manner: suddenly, quickly
Adverb of frequency: always, often
Adverb of place: there, nearby
Linking adverb: too, also etc

Determiner
Article: a, the
Possessive: my, his
Demonstrative: this, that
Quantifier: all, three

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