To better understand the unique analytical approach taken by the contributors of this volume, it is helpful to revisit how the concept of the smart city first emerged. Around 2008, major technology firms—particularly CISCO and IBM—sought to expand their markets by offering digital solutions tailored to help cities manage infrastructure more efficiently. IBM introduced the use of the term “smart” to describe cities and regions managed through sensor-driven software systems. This initiative resonated with local leaders—especially mayors—who were grappling with increasing administrative and logistical challenges. In France, for instance, cities like Montpellier and Nice became early adopters, testing these innovations through collaborative projects with CISCO and IBM. As cities began to generate vast amounts of digital data, awareness grew about the strategic value of this information, further fueling enthusiasm for the smart city model. This momentum also opened the door for new pl...
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